
With the exception of several chapters of Daniel and Ezra, which are written in Aramaic, the language of the Old Testament is Hebrew. The Creation story (cf. Gen. 2: 19 ff.) and the story of the tower of Babel (Gen. 11) imply that Hebrew was the original language of mankind. When we turn from folk legend to linguistic origins, however, Hebrew does not appear to have been the original language of the Hebrews themselves, but the language of the inhabitants of Canaan who were conquered and partly displaced by Joshua; it is more accurately described once in the Old Testament (Isa. 19: 18) as 'the language of Canaan' (it is usually referred to by the Old Testament writers as 'Jewish', e.g. Isa. 36: 11; 2 Chron. 32: 18). The more primitive nomad desert tribes from across the Jordan appear to have been gradually assimilated to the culture and civilisation of the conquered Canaanites and to have adopted their speech as well as much in their culture, if not their manner of life; we do not know the precise nature of the original language of the Hebrew invaders, but it was probably a tribal dialect of the Old Aramaic, with possibly close affinities with the speech of Canaan (cf. Deut. 26: 5 RSV).
The name 'Hebrew' to describe the language of the Old Testament is derived from the ancient name of the Israelites 'Ibriyyim, explained in the Old Testament as a patronymic (Gen. 10: 21). The name, in the form Habiru, is now known from Mari (second millennium B.C.) and many other second-millennium cuneiform sources. Various modern etymologies explain the word as 'the dwellers beyond the River', i.e. either the Jordan or (more probably) the Euphrates. (Abraham was born 'beyond the River' in this latter sense.) Other explanations are that it was a term applied to freebooters and mercenaries in Palestine and its neighbourhood (e.g. in the Tell-el-Amarna letters, 1400 B.C.); another proposal is that the word means 'those who pass over boundaries', i.e. nomads, and was a social classification. The early nomadic tribes of the Patriarchs may have been so named for their customs and manner of life. (The name Israel came to be applied, after the conquests of Joshua, to the invading nomad tribes, not necessarily all Habiru, forged into a nation by the conquest and settlement in Canaan.) The application of the name to the Hebrew language appears first in the Greek adverb 'Eppotiorf, 'in (the) Hebrew language', in the prologue to ben Sira; it is also found in the New Testament, e.g. Rev. 9:11, in Josephus and, less frequently, in the Talmud (the rabbis prefer the description 'the holy tongue').
The Cambridge History of the Bible – Volume 1 – From the Beginnings to Jerome
Edited by P. R. Ackroyd. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. – 691 pp.
ISBN 0-521-07418-5 Volume 1 hardback
ISBN 0-521-09973-0 Volume 1 paperback
ISBN 0-521-29018-X set of three paperbacks
The Cambridge History of the Bible – Volume 1 – Contents
- Corrections to the text
- Preface
- Preface to the paperback edition
- Additions to the bibliography
-
I. LANGUAGE AND SCRIPT
- 1. THE BIBLICAL LANGUAGES by Matthew Black, Professor of Biblical Criticism and Principal of St Mary's College, University of St Andrews
- 2. THE BIBLICAL SCRIPTS by the late David Diringer, formerly Reader in Semitic Epigraphy, Cambridge University
-
II. BOOKS IN THE ANCIENT WORLD
- 3. BOOKS IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST AND IN THE OLD TESTAMENT by D. J. Wiseman, Professor of Assyriology, University of London
- 4. BOOKS IN THE GRAECO-ROMAN WORLD AND IN THE NEW TESTAMENT by C. H. Roberts, Fellow of St Johns College, Oxford
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III. THE OLD TESTAMENT
- 5. THE OLD TESTAMENT IN THE MAKING by Peter R. Ackroyd, Samuel Davidson Professor of Old Testament Studies, University of London, King's College
- 6. CANONICAL AND NON-CANONICAL by G. W. Anderson, Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Studies, Edinburgh University
- 7. THE OLD TESTAMENT TEXT by Shemaryahu Talmon, Professor of Bible, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- 8. BIBLE AND MIDRASH: EARLY OLD TESTAMENT EXEGESIS by G. Vermes, Reader in Jewish Studies, Oxford University
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IV. THE NEW TESTAMENT
- 9. THE NEW TESTAMENT IN THE MAKING by C. F. Evans, Professor of New Testament Studies, University of London, King's College
- 10. THE NEW TESTAMENT CANON by R. M. Grant, Carl Darling Buck Professor of Humanities, Divinity School, Chicago, Department of New Testament and Early Christian Literature
- 11. THE NEW TESTAMENT TEXT by J. N. Birdsall, Senior Lecturer in Theology, Birmingham University
- 12. THE INTERPRETATION OF THE OLD TESTAMENT IN THE NEW by C. K. Barrett, Professor of Divinity, Durham University
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V. THE BIBLE IN THE EARLY CHURCH
- 13. BIBLICAL EXEGESIS IN THE EARLY CHURCH by R. P. C. Hanson, Professor of Historical and Contemporary Theology, University of Manchester
- 14. ORIGEN AS BIBLICAL SCHOLAR by M. F. Wiles, Regius Professor of Divinity, University of Oxford
- 15. THEODORE OF MOPSUESTIA AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ANTIOCHENE SCHOOL by M. F. Wiles
- 16. JEROME AS BIBLICAL SCHOLAR by H. F. D. Sparks, Oriel Professor of The Interpretation of Holy Scriptures, Oxford University
- 17. AUGUSTINE AS BIBLICAL SCHOLAR by Gerald Bonner, Lecturer in Theology, Durham University
- 18. THE PLACE OF THE BIBLE IN THE LITURGY by J. A. Lamb, formerly Librarian of New College, Edinburgh
- Bibliography
- Abbreviations
- Notes on the Plates
- Plates between pages
- Indexes
- General
- Biblical and other references
The Cambridge History of the Bible – Volume 2 – The West from the Fathers to the Reformation
Edited by G. W. H. Lampe. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. – 625 pp.
ISBN 0-521-04255-0 Volume 2 hardback
ISBN 0-521-29017-1 Volume 2 paperback
ISBN 0-521 -29018-X set of three paperbacks
The Cambridge History of the Bible – Volume 2 – Contents
- Preface page
- I. THE OLD TESTAMENT: MANUSCRIPTS, TEXT AND VERSIONS by the Rev. Professor Bleddyn J. Roberts, D.D., Professor of Hebrew and Biblical Studies, University College of North Wales, Bangor
- II. THE HISTORY OF THE TEXT AND CANON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT TO JEROME by the late C. S. C. Williams
- III. EARLY CHRISTIAN BOOK-PRODUCTION: PAPYRI AND MANUSCRIPTS by T. C. Skeat, Keeper of Manuscripts, British Museum
- IV. JEROME by the late Fr E. F. Sutcliffe, S.J., Old Testament Professor at Heythrop College
- V. THE MEDIEVAL HISTORY OF THE LATIN VULGATE by Raphael Loewe, Lecturer in Hebrew, University College, London
-
VI. THE EXPOSITION AND EXEGESIS OF SCRIPTURE
- 1. TO GREGORY THE GREAT by the Rev. G. W. H. Lampe, Ely Professor of Divinity, University of Cambridge
- 2. FROM GREGORY THE GREAT TO ST BERNARD by Dom Jean Leclercq, O.S.B., D.TH., Professor at the Pontifical Institute S. Anselm, Rome
- 3. THE BIBLE IN THE MEDIEVAL SCHOOLS by Beryl Smalley, F.B.A., Vice-Principal, St Hilda's College, Oxford
- 4. THE BIBLE IN LITURGICAL USE by the Rev. S. J. P. van Dijk, O.F.M.
- 5. THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE IN MEDIEVAL JUDAISM by Erwin I. J. Rosenthal, LITT.D., Reader in Oriental Studies, University of Cambridge
- VII. THE 'PEOPLE'S BIBLE': ARTISTS AND COMMENTATORS by the Very Rev. R. L. P. Milburn, Dean of Worcester
- VIII. BIBLE ILLUSTRATION IN MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPTS by Professor Francis Wormald, formerly Director of the Institute of Historical Research, London University
-
IX. THE VERNACULAR SCRIPTURES
- 1. THE GOTHIC BIBLE by M. J. Hunter
- 2. ENGLISH VERSIONS OF THE SCRIPTURES BEFORE WYCLIF by Geoffrey Shepherd, Professor of English Medieval Language and Literature, University of Birmingham
- 3. THE WYCLIFFITE VERSIONS by Henry Hargreaves, Lecturer in English, University of Aberdeen
- 4. VERNACULAR SCRIPTURES IN GERMANY AND THE LOW COUNTRIES BEFORE 1500 415 by W. B. Lockwood, D.LITT., Professor of Germanic and Indo-European Philology, University of Reading
- 5. VERNACULAR SCRIPTURES IN FRANCE by C. A. Robson, Fellow of Merton College and Lecturer in French Philology and Old French Literature, University of Oxford
- 6. VERNACULAR SCRIPTURES IN ITALY by Kenelm Foster, O.P., Lecturer in Italian, University of Cambridge
- 7. VERNACULAR SCRIPTURES IN SPAIN by Margherita Morreale, Professor of Spanish Language and Literature, University of Bari
- X. ERASMUS IN RELATION TO THE MEDIEVAL BIBLICAL TRADITION by Fr Louis Bouyer, D.D., of the French Oratory, formerly Professor in the Faculty of Theology of the Institut Catholique de Paris
- Bibliography
- Notes on the Plates
- Plates between pages
- Indexes
The Cambridge History of the Bible – Volume 3 – The West from the Reformation to the Present Day
Edited by S. L. Greenslade. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. – 652 pp.
ISBN 0-521 04254-2 Volume 3 hardback
ISBN 0-521-29016-3 Volume 3 paperback
ISBN 0-521-29018-X set of three paperbacks
The Cambridge History of the Bible – Volume 3 – Contents
- Preface page
- I. THE BIBLE IN THE REFORMATION by ROLAND H. BAINTON, Formerly Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History, Yale University
- II. BIBLICAL SCHOLARSHIP: EDITIONS AND COMMENTARIES by BASIL HALL, Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History in the University of Cambridge
-
III. CONTINENTAL VERSIONS TO C. 1600
- 1. German, by HANSVOLZ, Collaborator in the Weimar Lutherausgabe
- 2. Italian, by KENELM FOSTER, O.P.
- 3. French, by R. A. s A YCE, Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford
- 4. Dutch, bys. VANDER WOUDE, Assistant Librarian, Amsterdam University
- 5. Spanish, by E. M. WILSON, Professor of Spanish, Cambridge University
- 6. The Bible in East-Central Europe, by R. AUTY, Professor of Comparative Philology of the Slavonic Languages, London University
- 7. Scandinavian, by BENT NOACK, Professor of New Testament, Copenhagen University
- IV. ENGLISH VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE, 1525-1611 by S. L. GREENSLADE
- V. THE RELIGION OF PROTESTANTS by the late NORMAN SYKES,formerly Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History, Cambridge University
- VI. THE BIBLE IN THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH FROM TRENT TO THE PRESENT DAY by F. J . CREHAN, S.J.
- VII. THE CRITICISM AND THEOLOGICAL USE OF THE BIBLE, 1700-1950 by W. NEIL, Warden of Hugh Stewart Hall, Nottingham University
- VIII. THE RISE OF MODERN BIBLICAL SCHOLARSHIP AND RECENT DISCUSSION OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE BIBLE by ALAN RICHARDSON, Professor of Theology, Nottingham University
-
IX. CONTINENTAL VERSIONS FROM C. 1600 TO THE PRESENT DAY
- 1. German, by BERNHARD DAMMERMANN, with a note on Catholic versions b y s . L. GREENSLADE
- 2. French, by R. A. SAYCE
- 3. Dutch, by S. VAN DER WOUDE
- 4. Spanish, by E. M. WILSON
- 5. Scandinavian, by BENT NOACK
- 6. Italian, by KENELM FOSTER, O.P.
- X. ENGLISH VERSIONS SINCE 1611 by LUTHER A. WEIGLE, Dean Emeritus of Yale University Divinity School, and Chairman of the Standard Bible Committee,whh.a note on the New English Bible by c. F. D. MOULE, Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity, Cambridge University
- XI. THE BIBLE AND THE MISSIONARY by ERIC FENN, Professor of Christian Doctrine in the Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham, and formerly Editorial Secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society
- XII. THE PRINTED BIBLE by M. H. BLACK
- XIII. EPILOGUE by S. L. GREENSLADE
-
APPENDICES: by D. R. JONES, Lecturer in Theology, Durham University
- 1. Aids to the study of the Bible: a selective historical account of the major grammars, lexicons, concordances, dictionaries and encyclopaedias, and atlases
- 2. Commentaries: a historical note
- Bibliography
- Notes on the Plates
- Plates
- Indexes
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